Behind the penis are the testicles, two ball-shaped glands that are vitally important to erection, Normal testicles feel something like hard-boiled eggs when you touch them. Men usually learn at a fairly early age that their testicles are vulnerable and quite sensitive to pain. (Falling off a bike or being kicked in the groin during a game of touch football can reinforce that knowledge quite effectively.)

In the womb, a male fetus’s testicles actually change location. They form near the kidneys, but during the last three months of pregnancy descend into the bag that holds them, the scrotum. Ifs not uncommon for a baby boy to be born with a testicle that has not completely descended into the scrotum. During the first year of life, an undescended testicle may actually fall into place on its own. If it doesn’t, a simple operation can place the testicle in the scrotum. Still, two normal, functioning testicles aren’t essential for healthy sex. Men with one normally functioning testicle don’t have any more problems with potency than their doubly endowed counterparts.

If you examine yourself (or your husband), you’ll notice a soft swelling on the back of the testicles. This sensitive area is called the epididymis, and ifs the home for the sperm as they mature. Lots of things—injuries, infections (such as mumps), certain other types of disease—may cause problems with sperm production, thus affecting a man’s ability to father a child. But nature has done a good job of protecting the hormones that play a major role in a man’s ability to have a healthy, firm erection. The production of male hormones in the testicles is separate from sperm production, and far more resistant to damage. That’s why the vast majority of infertile men have no more difficulty with erections than their fertile counterparts. In fact, there’s a big difference between fertility and potency.

Fertility refers to a man’s ability to father a child. Generally, in order for a man to do that, he has to ejaculate normal sperm. Potency means a man can get and maintain an erection. Erection is a separate process from ejaculation, so erection and fertility do not go hand-in-hand. It’s fairly common knowledge that a man can have an erection and not ejaculate; however, many people are not aware that a man can have an ejaculation without an erection. Many men who lose their ability to have an erection still become aroused and, with stimulation, can ejaculate.

This means that a man with erection problems can still get a woman pregnant. He can father a child using artificial insemination. Or, if he ejaculates in the entrance of a woman’s vagina, ifs possible that she could become pregnant. The chances of this happening, of course, are significantly less than with intercourse, when a man ejaculates very close to the entrance of the womb.

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